Number 245 | November 10, 2013
On November 10th, TCA paid tribute to the legacy of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who led the Turkish National War of Liberation, founded the modern Republic of Turkey and launched an extraordinary series of reforms that continue to inspire the Turkish nation. World-over, Ataturk is honored as one of the greatest national leaders of the 20th Century. In the words of Scottish historian, Patrick Balfour (the 3rd Baron Kinross): “the soldier in Ataturk had saved his country, the statesman in him had won for it the honorable peace, the reformer in him was now to make of it a new country.”
Ataturk: The Soldier
In the life of Mustafa Kemal, World War I was a pivotal period, during which time he had emerged as a military hero when he repelled an Allied invasion during the Gallipoli campaign of 1915. This successful military campaign earned Mustafa Kemal a distinguished military reputation and wide-spread admiration.
In 1918, when Mustafa Kemal returned to Istanbul to find it occupied by British and French forces he began to organize the Turkish army into an organized resistance movement to save the Turkish homeland. The Allies sought to impose a peace settlement on the Turkish people that afforded to them a mere rump state centered around Ankara. In response, Mustafa Kemal formed the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The new Parliament moved quickly to assemble an army that would serve to launch the Turkish National War of Liberation.
Ataturk: The Statesman
The War of Liberation was fought on multiple fronts. Throughout 1921, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, the army of the Grand National Assembly won victory after victory against invading enemy forces ultimately pushing them out of Anatolia. The Allied powers of World War I now had to negotiate a new peace treaty.
On July 24, 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed, whereby the boundaries of the modern state of Turkey were internationally recognized. Shortly thereafter, the Republic of Turkey was officially proclaimed on October 29th- the same day on which Mustafa Kemal was unanimously elected as the first president of the Republic.
Ataturk: The Reformer
From the establishment of the Republic in 1923, to his death on November 10, 1938, in just 15 years, Mustafa Kemal introduced a sweeping set of reforms which constituted one of the world’s most effective campaigns of modernization.
In 1924, the office of the Muslim Caliphate was abolished, which would consolidate a system of governance based on popular sovereignty and one grounded in secularism. Education was also secularized and the use of Arabic script would be replaced with a new alphabet based on Latin.
As of 1926, Islamic courts and Islamic canon law (Sharia) was replaced with a secular law structure. A new Turkish penal code, based on the Italian model, and a new Turkish civil code, based on the Swiss model, was adopted. Women had now obtained equal rights with men in private matters such as marriage and inheritance.
According to Mustafa Kemal, gender inequality was an impediment to attaining the full development of the nation; without such equality, the nation would remain irremediably backward. By 1934, well before many other European nations, Turkey moved to grant full political rights to women, including the right to vote and be elected. Several female MPs joined the Turkish Parliament, with the general elections of 1935, which was a breakthrough not only within the region, but throughout the Western world.
These wide-ranging reforms spearheaded by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk have left a lasting legacy of which the peoples of Turkish heritage are proud: the conversion of the newly founded Republic into today’s modern, democratic and secular Turkish state. Each year, on November 10, at the exact time of his death, most people in Turkey observe a moment of silence in honor of Ataturk’s memory and lasting legacy.
Please click here to listen to the speech of President John F. Kennedy delivered in 1963 on the 25th anniversary of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's passing.
